Matter, Elements,and Compounds

 

_____________________is anything that takes up space and has mass.

 

An __________________is a substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary means. The material making up matter.

 

There are _________ naturally occurring elements, of these 25 are essential to life. 4 of these make up ________% of living matter ( Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,and Nitrogen). The rest are called trace elements. These are required in minute amounts( zinc, cobalt, iron, magnesium).

 

Small units of matter are called _____________. Protons(_____), neutrons(_____), and electrons(_____), are the sub units of atoms.

 

ATOMIC NUMBER is the ________________________________________________________________.

 

ATOMIC MASS is the ________________________________________________________________.

 

ISOTOPES: Different atomic forms caused by varying the number of __________.

Example: Normal carbon is 12, carbon isotope is 14.

Some isotopes are radioactive, they undergo a transformation to gain a stable condition. This transformation is called the half-life of the isotope. Example: Let's say the half-life of carbon 14 is about _________________ years, If we have 100g. of carbon 14 now, in _____________ years will have 50g. In ______________ years we will have 25g. etc.

 

ENERGY LEVELS: All electrons have the same mass and charge. They differ in the amounts of _____________ energy they possess. Electrons closer to the nucleus contain _____________ potential energy. The farther away from the nucleus the ____________ potential energy they contain.

These different states of potential energy are called energy levels.

Each level is divided into subnets called orbitals. No more than 2 electrons can occupy the same orbital.

The orbital (closest to nucleus) contains 2 e-

The next level is divided into 4 orbitals for a total of _________ electrons.

 

Valence electrons: These electrons occupy the ___________ energy level of an atom. It is here where atoms come in contact with each other. The maximum number of valence electrons any atom can contain is __________. Any number less than 8 will allow that atom to lose or gain electrons and become stable. Atoms that give electrons will become __________ ions and have a ________ charge, while atoms that receive electrons will become a____________ ion with a ______ charge.

 

Chemical Bonding: Atoms will interact with each other depending on their incomplete valence shell.

There are several types of chemical bonds:

 

1._______________________ are formed by the sharing of the valence electrons.

 

 

 

2.____________________ are formed by the taking of electrons.

 

Other Bonds

 

________________________ is formed when Hydrogen that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom on another molecule.

 

 

 

Chemical Reactions: The combination of 2 or more elements forming a different product or products. Each reaction contains___________________ and __________________. The reactants are written on the left side of the equation, while the products are written on the right side. The reactants and products must contain the same number of atoms making the reaction balanced.

 

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